Double chocolate means the chocolate comes from two places at once: cocoa whisked into the dough itself, and chips or chunks folded through it. That cocoa-in-the-dough is what sets these apart from a regular chocolate chip cookie — the whole cookie reads as chocolate, with a fudgy, brownie-edge chew in the center and a thin, crackly top from whisking the sugar into warm fat. They are short on flour relative to the fat and sugar, which is exactly why they bake up dense and fudgy rather than cakey.
Cocoa is the lever that moves everything. My sources split hard on how much to use: King Arthur runs a milder cocoa load (around 14 percent of the flour weight) for a cookie that tastes of chocolate without going intense, while Sally's Baking Addiction pushes it to roughly 44 percent for a deep, almost-brownie fudginess. I set the default at 35 percent — between the two but leaning toward the fudgier side, because a cookie called double chocolate should taste like it — and let the safe range span both camps. Dutch-process cocoa gives a smoother, darker, less acidic result; natural cocoa is brighter and more acidic — both work at the same percentage. Push the cocoa toward the top of the range for an intensely fudgy cookie, or pull it down toward 14 for a gentler one.
Gluten-free bakers do well here. A 1:1 cup-for-cup blend (the kind that already includes xanthan gum) drops straight in with no other changes, and the heavy cocoa plus the melting chips mask the small texture differences a GF flour usually shows. If you are baking for someone with celiac, reach for a certified gluten-free blend so there is no cross-contamination from the mill.
The ratio takes variations easily. For a crinkle finish, roll the dough balls in powdered sugar before baking — they crack open into the white-fissured look as they spread. A few drops of peppermint extract with the vanilla, plus mint chips, turns these into a holiday cookie. Peanut butter chips in place of some of the chocolate lean them toward a chocolate-peanut-butter cup. And a teaspoon of espresso powder whisked into the dry ingredients deepens the chocolate without reading as coffee at all.